{"id":146843,"date":"2025-11-05T16:38:09","date_gmt":"2025-11-05T10:38:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/45minut.biz\/?p=146843"},"modified":"2025-11-05T16:38:09","modified_gmt":"2025-11-05T10:38:09","slug":"science-and-intellectual-life-in-the-ulus-of-jochi-13th-15th-centuries","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/45minut.biz\/?p=146843","title":{"rendered":"Science and Intellectual Life in the Ulus of Jochi, 13th\u201315th centuries"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"968\" height=\"726\" data-attachment-id=\"146845\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/45minut.biz\/?attachment_id=146845\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/45minut.biz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/WhatsApp-Image-2025-11-05-at-15.22.35-1.jpeg?fit=968%2C726&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"968,726\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"WhatsApp Image 2025-11-05 at 15.22.35 (1)\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/45minut.biz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/WhatsApp-Image-2025-11-05-at-15.22.35-1.jpeg?fit=968%2C726&amp;ssl=1\" data-id=\"146845\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/45minut.biz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/WhatsApp-Image-2025-11-05-at-15.22.35-1.jpeg?resize=968%2C726&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-146845\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/45minut.biz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/WhatsApp-Image-2025-11-05-at-15.22.35-1.jpeg?w=968&amp;ssl=1 968w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/45minut.biz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/WhatsApp-Image-2025-11-05-at-15.22.35-1.jpeg?resize=300%2C225&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/45minut.biz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/WhatsApp-Image-2025-11-05-at-15.22.35-1.jpeg?resize=150%2C113&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/45minut.biz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/WhatsApp-Image-2025-11-05-at-15.22.35-1.jpeg?resize=768%2C576&amp;ssl=1 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 968px) 100vw, 968px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"774\" height=\"580\" data-attachment-id=\"146846\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/45minut.biz\/?attachment_id=146846\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/45minut.biz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/WhatsApp-Image-2025-11-05-at-15.22.35-2.jpeg?fit=774%2C580&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"774,580\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"WhatsApp Image 2025-11-05 at 15.22.35 (2)\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/45minut.biz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/WhatsApp-Image-2025-11-05-at-15.22.35-2.jpeg?fit=774%2C580&amp;ssl=1\" data-id=\"146846\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/45minut.biz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/WhatsApp-Image-2025-11-05-at-15.22.35-2.jpeg?resize=774%2C580&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-146846\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/45minut.biz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/WhatsApp-Image-2025-11-05-at-15.22.35-2.jpeg?w=774&amp;ssl=1 774w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/45minut.biz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/WhatsApp-Image-2025-11-05-at-15.22.35-2.jpeg?resize=300%2C225&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/45minut.biz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/WhatsApp-Image-2025-11-05-at-15.22.35-2.jpeg?resize=150%2C112&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/45minut.biz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/WhatsApp-Image-2025-11-05-at-15.22.35-2.jpeg?resize=768%2C576&amp;ssl=1 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 774px) 100vw, 774px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" data-attachment-id=\"146847\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/45minut.biz\/?attachment_id=146847\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/45minut.biz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/WhatsApp-Image-2025-11-05-at-15.22.35-3.jpeg?fit=1059%2C794&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1059,794\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"WhatsApp Image 2025-11-05 at 15.22.35 (3)\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/45minut.biz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/WhatsApp-Image-2025-11-05-at-15.22.35-3.jpeg?fit=1024%2C768&amp;ssl=1\" data-id=\"146847\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/45minut.biz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/WhatsApp-Image-2025-11-05-at-15.22.35-3.jpeg?resize=1024%2C768&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-146847\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/45minut.biz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/WhatsApp-Image-2025-11-05-at-15.22.35-3.jpeg?resize=1024%2C768&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/45minut.biz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/WhatsApp-Image-2025-11-05-at-15.22.35-3.jpeg?resize=300%2C225&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/45minut.biz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/WhatsApp-Image-2025-11-05-at-15.22.35-3.jpeg?resize=150%2C112&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/45minut.biz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/WhatsApp-Image-2025-11-05-at-15.22.35-3.jpeg?resize=768%2C576&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/45minut.biz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/WhatsApp-Image-2025-11-05-at-15.22.35-3.jpeg?w=1059&amp;ssl=1 1059w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" data-attachment-id=\"146848\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/45minut.biz\/?attachment_id=146848\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/45minut.biz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/WhatsApp-Image-2025-11-05-at-15.22.35.jpeg?fit=1600%2C1200&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1600,1200\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"WhatsApp Image 2025-11-05 at 15.22.35\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/45minut.biz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/WhatsApp-Image-2025-11-05-at-15.22.35.jpeg?fit=1024%2C768&amp;ssl=1\" data-id=\"146848\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/45minut.biz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/WhatsApp-Image-2025-11-05-at-15.22.35.jpeg?resize=1024%2C768&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-146848\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/45minut.biz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/WhatsApp-Image-2025-11-05-at-15.22.35.jpeg?resize=1024%2C768&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/45minut.biz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/WhatsApp-Image-2025-11-05-at-15.22.35.jpeg?resize=300%2C225&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/45minut.biz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/WhatsApp-Image-2025-11-05-at-15.22.35.jpeg?resize=150%2C113&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/45minut.biz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/WhatsApp-Image-2025-11-05-at-15.22.35.jpeg?resize=768%2C576&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/45minut.biz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/WhatsApp-Image-2025-11-05-at-15.22.35.jpeg?resize=1536%2C1152&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/45minut.biz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/WhatsApp-Image-2025-11-05-at-15.22.35.jpeg?w=1600&amp;ssl=1 1600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0431\u0443\u043b\u0434\u0430 \u04e9\u0442\u043a\u0435\u043d \u0445\u0430\u043b\u044b\u049b\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044b\u049b \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f <\/strong> <strong> \u0437\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0442\u0435\u0443\u0448\u0456\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0456 \u0431\u0456\u0440\u0456\u043a\u0442\u0456\u0440\u0434\u0456<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<p>\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0431\u0443\u043b, 2025 \u0436\u044b\u043b\u0493\u044b 5 \u049b\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0448\u0430. \u2013 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0440\u0430 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0456\u043d\u0434\u0435 <strong>\u00ab\u0410\u043b\u0442\u044b\u043d \u043e\u0440\u0434\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0493\u044b \u0493\u044b\u043b\u044b\u043c\u00bb <\/strong>(<strong>Science and Intellectual Life in the Ulus of Jochi, 13th\u201315th centuries<\/strong>) \u0430\u0442\u0442\u044b \u0445\u0430\u043b\u044b\u049b\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044b\u049b \u0493\u044b\u043b\u044b\u043c\u0438-\u0442\u04d9\u0436\u0456\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0435\u043b\u0456\u043a \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f \u04e9\u0442\u0442\u0456. \u0424\u043e\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0493\u0430 <strong>\u049a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u049b\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d, \u0420\u0435\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0441\u044b (\u0422\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0441\u044b) <\/strong>\u0436\u04d9\u043d\u0435 <strong>\u0422\u04af\u0440\u043a\u0438\u044f\u043d\u044b\u04a3 <\/strong>\u0410\u043b\u0442\u044b\u043d \u043e\u0440\u0434\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0445\u044b\u043d, \u043c\u04d9\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0442\u0456 \u043c\u0435\u043d \u0440\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438 \u043c\u04b1\u0440\u0430\u0441\u044b\u043d \u0437\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0442\u0435\u043f \u0436\u04af\u0440\u0433\u0435\u043d \u043a\u04e9\u0440\u043d\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0456 \u0493\u0430\u043b\u044b\u043c\u0434\u0430\u0440 \u049b\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0441\u0442\u044b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4-5 \u049b\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0448\u0430 \u0430\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044b\u0493\u044b\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u04e9\u0442\u043a\u0435\u043d \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0431\u0430\u0440\u044b\u0441\u044b\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u049b\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0441\u0443\u0448\u044b\u043b\u0430\u0440 \u0416\u043e\u0448\u044b \u04b1\u043b\u044b\u0441\u044b \u0434\u04d9\u0443\u0456\u0440\u0456\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0433\u0456 \u0493\u044b\u043b\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u04d9\u0441\u0442\u04af\u0440\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0456\u04a3 \u049b\u0430\u043b\u044b\u043f\u0442\u0430\u0441\u0443\u044b, \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0434\u044b\u049b \u0431\u0456\u043b\u0456\u043c \u0431\u0435\u0440\u0443 \u0436\u04af\u0439\u0435\u0441\u0456\u043d\u0456\u04a3 \u0440\u04e9\u043b\u0456, \u043c\u04d9\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0442\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0456\u04a3 \u04e9\u0437\u0430\u0440\u0430 \u044b\u049b\u043f\u0430\u043b\u044b, \u049b\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0440 \u043c\u0435\u043d \u0436\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0430 \u043c\u04d9\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0442\u0456\u043d\u0456\u04a3 \u0434\u0430\u043c\u0443\u044b \u0441\u044b\u043d\u0434\u044b \u04e9\u0437\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0456 \u0442\u0430\u049b\u044b\u0440\u044b\u043f\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0434\u044b \u0442\u0430\u043b\u049b\u044b\u043b\u0430\u0434\u044b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u041c\u0430\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0440\u0430 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0456\u043d\u0456\u04a3 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440\u044b <strong>\u0418\u043b\u044c\u044f\u0441 \u041a\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0493\u043b\u0443<\/strong>, \u0422\u04af\u0440\u043a\u0456\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0443 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u044b\u043d\u044b\u04a3 \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b <strong>\u041e\u043a\u0430\u043d \u0419\u0435\u0448\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0442<\/strong>, \u0441\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0439-\u0430\u049b TE\u0421AM \u04b1\u0439\u044b\u043c\u044b\u043d\u044b\u04a3 \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b <strong>\u0418\u043b\u044c\u044f\u0441 \u0411\u043e\u0437\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0442<\/strong>&nbsp;\u049b\u04b1\u0442\u0442\u044b\u049b\u0442\u0430\u0443 \u0441\u04e9\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0456\u043d\u0434\u0435 \u0431\u04b1\u043b \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043d\u044b\u04a3 \u049a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u049b\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d, \u0422\u04af\u0440\u043a\u0438\u044f \u0436\u04d9\u043d\u0435 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0493\u0430\u043b\u044b\u043c\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044b \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0441\u044b\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0493\u044b \u0493\u044b\u043b\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u044b\u043d\u0442\u044b\u043c\u0430\u049b\u0442\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044b\u049b\u0442\u044b \u043d\u044b\u0493\u0430\u0439\u0442\u044b\u043f, \u0410\u043b\u0442\u044b\u043d \u043e\u0440\u0434\u0430 \u043c\u04b1\u0440\u0430\u0441\u044b\u043d \u0431\u0456\u0440\u043b\u0435\u0441\u0435 \u0437\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0443\u0433\u0435 \u0436\u043e\u043b \u0430\u0448\u0430\u0442\u044b\u043d \u0445\u0430\u043b\u044b\u049b\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044b\u049b \u0493\u044b\u043b\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0430\u043b\u0430\u04a3 \u0440\u0435\u0442\u0456\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0433\u0456 \u043c\u0430\u04a3\u044b\u0437\u044b\u043d \u0430\u0442\u0430\u043f \u04e9\u0442\u0442\u0456.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0422\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0445 \u0493\u044b\u043b\u044b\u043c\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044b\u043d\u044b\u04a3 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b <strong>\u0410\u0439\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0442 \u041a\u04e9\u0448\u043a\u0456\u043c\u0431\u0430\u0435\u0432<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0410\u043b\u0442\u044b\u043d \u043e\u0440\u0434\u0430\u043d\u044b\u04a3 \u0441\u043e\u04a3\u0493\u044b \u043a\u0435\u0437\u0435\u04a3\u0456\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0433\u0456 \u0441\u0430\u044f\u0441\u0438 \u04e9\u043c\u0456\u0440\u0456\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0433\u0456 \u043c\u0430\u04a3\u044b\u0437\u0434\u044b \u0442\u04b1\u043b\u0493\u0430\u0441\u044b \u0415\u0434\u0456\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0456\u04a3 \u049b\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u0443\u044b \u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044b \u0437\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0442\u0435\u0443\u0456\u043d \u04b1\u0441\u044b\u043d\u0434\u044b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2013 \u0415\u0434\u0456\u0433\u0435 \u2013 \u0442\u04e9\u04a3\u0456\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0456\u043d\u0434\u0435 \u04d9\u043b\u0456 \u043a\u04af\u043d\u0433\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0456\u043d \u043a\u04e9\u043f\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0435\u043d \u0430\u04a3\u044b\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0440 \u0441\u0430\u049b\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0493\u0430\u043d \u0442\u04b1\u043b\u0493\u0430. \u0417\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0442\u0435\u0443\u0456\u043c\u0434\u0435 \u0436\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u043c\u0435\u043d \u044d\u043f\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044b\u049b \u0434\u04d9\u0441\u0442\u04af\u0440\u0434\u0456 \u0441\u0430\u043b\u044b\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0440\u044b\u043f, \u0422\u043e\u049b\u0442\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0441 \u0445\u0430\u043d \u0436\u04d9\u043d\u0435 \u043e\u043d\u044b\u04a3 \u04b1\u043b\u044b \u049a\u0430\u0434\u044b\u0440\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0456\u043c\u0435\u043d \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0493\u0430\u043d \u049b\u0430\u0440\u0441\u044b\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044b\u049b\u0442\u044b\u04a3 \u043c\u04d9\u043d\u0456\u043d \u0430\u0448\u0443\u0493\u0430 \u0442\u044b\u0440\u044b\u0441\u0442\u044b\u043c. \u042d\u043f\u043e\u0441 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u043c\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0445\u0442\u044b \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044b\u049b\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u044b\u0440\u044b\u043f, \u0445\u0430\u043b\u044b\u049b\u0442\u044b\u04a3 \u0415\u0434\u0456\u0433\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u0493\u0434\u044b\u0440\u044b\u043d \u0436\u04d9\u043d\u0435 \u043e\u043d\u044b\u04a3 \u04e9\u043b\u0456\u043c\u0456\u043d\u0435 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u043b\u0430\u043d\u044b\u0441\u0442\u044b \u043e\u049b\u0438\u0493\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0434\u044b \u049b\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0439 \u049b\u0430\u0431\u044b\u043b\u0434\u0430\u0493\u0430\u043d\u044b\u043d \u043a\u04e9\u0440\u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0434\u0456, \u2013 \u0434\u0435\u0434\u0456 \u0493\u0430\u043b\u044b\u043c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0416\u043e\u0448\u044b \u04b1\u043b\u044b\u0441\u044b\u043d \u0437\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0443 \u0493\u044b\u043b\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u044b\u043d\u044b\u04a3 \u0493\u044b\u043b\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u049b\u044b\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0435\u0440\u0456 <strong>\u0414\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0430 \u0421\u04af\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0410\u043b\u0442\u044b\u043d \u043e\u0440\u0434\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043a \u0441\u0430\u044f\u0441\u0438 \u049b\u04b1\u0440\u044b\u043b\u044b\u043c \u0493\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0435\u043c\u0435\u0441, \u0415\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u044f\u043d\u044b\u04a3 \u0440\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438 \u0436\u04d9\u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0438\u044f\u0442\u043a\u0435\u0440\u043b\u0456\u043a \u04e9\u043c\u0456\u0440\u0456\u043d\u0456\u04a3 \u0456\u0440\u0456 \u043e\u0440\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044b\u0493\u044b \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0493\u0430\u043d\u044b\u043d \u0430\u0442\u0430\u043f \u04e9\u0442\u0442\u0456.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2013 \u0411\u04b1\u043b \u2013 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0434\u044b\u049b, \u0442\u04af\u0440\u043a\u0456\u043b\u0456\u043a \u0436\u04d9\u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u04a3\u0493\u043e\u043b\u0434\u044b\u049b \u0434\u04d9\u0441\u0442\u04af\u0440\u043b\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u043e\u0493\u044b\u0441\u049b\u0430\u043d \u043a\u0435\u04a3\u0456\u0441\u0442\u0456\u043a. \u041c\u04b1\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u0493\u044b\u043b\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0456, \u0430\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0448\u044b\u043b\u044b\u049b \u043e\u0440\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044b\u049b\u0442\u0430\u0440 \u049b\u0430\u043b\u044b\u043f\u0442\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044b, \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u044f, \u049b\u04b1\u049b\u044b\u049b \u0436\u04d9\u043d\u0435 \u0436\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044b\u043b\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0443 \u0493\u044b\u043b\u044b\u043c\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044b \u0434\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0434\u044b, \u2013 \u0434\u0435\u0434\u0456 \u043e\u043b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u041e\u0441\u044b \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0442\u044b\u04a3 \u0493\u044b\u043b\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u049b\u044b\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0435\u0440\u0456 <strong>\u041d\u04b1\u0440\u0441\u04b1\u043b\u0442\u0430\u043d \u04ae\u043c\u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432<\/strong>&nbsp;\u04e9\u0437 \u0441\u04e9\u0437\u0456\u043d\u0434\u0435: \u00ab\u0410\u043b\u0442\u044b\u043d \u043e\u0440\u0434\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043a \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0435\u043c\u0435\u0441, \u04b0\u043b\u044b \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u043d \u04d9\u043b\u0435\u043c\u043d\u0456\u04a3 \u0431\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044b \u0493\u044b\u043b\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u0440\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044b\u049b\u0442\u0430\u0440\u044b\u043d \u0431\u0430\u0439\u043b\u0430\u043d\u044b\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0493\u0430\u043d \u0431\u0456\u043b\u0456\u043c \u043c\u0435\u043d \u0493\u044b\u043b\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0440\u0434\u0430\u0441\u044b \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0434\u044b. \u0423\u0440\u0431\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0443 \u0436\u04d9\u043d\u0435 \u0445\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0434\u044b\u04a3 \u0493\u044b\u043b\u044b\u043c \u043c\u0435\u043d \u0438\u043d\u0444\u0440\u0430\u049b\u04b1\u0440\u044b\u043b\u044b\u043c\u0493\u0430 \u049b\u0430\u043c\u049b\u043e\u0440\u043b\u044b\u0493\u044b \u0421\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u043d \u0416\u043e\u0448\u044b \u04b1\u043b\u044b\u0441\u044b\u043d\u044b\u04a3 \u04e9\u0437\u0433\u0435 \u0434\u0435 \u049b\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0440\u044b\u043d \u04d9\u0440 \u0435\u043b\u0434\u0435\u043d \u043a\u0435\u043b\u0433\u0435\u043d \u0493\u0430\u043b\u044b\u043c\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0434\u044b \u0442\u0430\u0440\u0442\u049b\u0430\u043d \u043e\u0440\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044b\u049b\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0493\u0430 \u0430\u0439\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0434\u044b\u0440\u0434\u044b. \u0410\u043b\u0442\u044b\u043d \u043e\u0440\u0434\u0430 \u0493\u0430\u043b\u044b\u043c\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044b \u041a\u0430\u0438\u0440\u0434\u0435, \u0421\u0438\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0434\u0430, \u0418\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430, \u0410\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043b\u044b \u043c\u0435\u043d \u041e\u0440\u0442\u0430 \u0410\u0437\u0438\u044f\u0434\u0430 \u0436\u0435\u043c\u0456\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0435\u04a3\u0431\u0435\u043a \u0435\u0442\u0442\u0456\u00bb, \u2013 \u0434\u0435\u0434\u0456.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u049a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u049b\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d \u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0445\u0448\u044b\u043b\u0430\u0440\u044b \u049b\u043e\u0493\u0430\u043c\u044b\u043d\u044b\u04a3 \u0431\u0430\u0441\u049b\u0430\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u0442\u04e9\u0440\u0430\u0493\u0430\u0441\u044b, \u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0445 \u0493\u044b\u043b\u044b\u043c\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044b\u043d\u044b\u04a3 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044b <strong>\u0420\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043a \u0422\u0435\u043c\u0456\u0440\u0493\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0442\u0456\u04a3<\/strong>&nbsp;\u04b1\u043b\u044b \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043d\u044b\u04a3 \u0440\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438 \u049b\u04b1\u043d\u0434\u044b\u043b\u044b\u049b\u0442\u0430\u0440\u044b \u043c\u0435\u043d \u0430\u0443\u044b\u0437\u0448\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0445\u044b\u043d \u0441\u0430\u049b\u0442\u0430\u0443\u0448\u044b\u043b\u0430\u0440 \u0440\u0435\u0442\u0456\u043d\u0434\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u043f\u0430\u0442\u0442\u0430\u0493\u0430\u043d \u0436\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0443\u043b\u0430\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0437\u0438\u044f\u0441\u044b\u043d\u0430 \u0430\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0493\u0430\u043d \u0431\u0430\u044f\u043d\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0441\u044b \u0435\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0448\u0435 \u049b\u044b\u0437\u044b\u0493\u0443\u0448\u044b\u043b\u044b\u049b \u0442\u0443\u0434\u044b\u0440\u0434\u044b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2013 \u0416\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0443\u043b\u0430\u0440 \u2013 \u0436\u0430\u0439 \u0493\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0436\u044b\u0440\u0448\u044b\u043b\u0430\u0440 \u0435\u043c\u0435\u0441, \u2013 \u0434\u0435\u0434\u0456 \u043e\u043b. \u2013 \u041e\u043b\u0430\u0440 \u0445\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0434\u044b\u04a3 \u043a\u0435\u04a3\u0435\u0441\u0448\u0456\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0456, \u0434\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0440\u044b \u043c\u0435\u043d \u043e\u0439\u0448\u044b\u043b\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044b \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0493\u0430\u043d. \u041e\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0434\u044b\u04a3 \u0441\u04e9\u0437\u0456 \u0441\u0430\u044f\u0441\u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043b\u043c\u0430\u049b\u049b\u0430 \u0438\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044b\u043f, \u0431\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0443\u0448\u0456\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0456\u04a3 \u0448\u0435\u0448\u0456\u043c\u0456\u043d\u0435 \u04d9\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0435\u0442\u043a\u0435\u043d. \u041a\u0435\u0442-\u0411\u04b1\u0493\u0430, \u0410\u0441\u0430\u043d \u049a\u0430\u0439\u0493\u044b, \u049a\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043d-\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0448\u044b \u0441\u0438\u044f\u049b\u0442\u044b \u0436\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0443\u043b\u0430\u0440 \u0448\u044b\u0493\u0430\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0440\u044b\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u043a\u04e9\u0448\u043f\u0435\u043b\u0456\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0456\u04a3 \u0434\u04af\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043d\u044b\u043c\u044b \u043c\u0435\u043d \u0410\u043b\u0442\u044b\u043d \u043e\u0440\u0434\u0430 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u044f\u0441\u044b \u043a\u04e9\u0440\u0456\u043d\u0456\u0441 \u0442\u0430\u043f\u049b\u0430\u043d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0492\u0430\u043b\u044b\u043c\u043d\u044b\u04a3 \u0430\u0439\u0442\u0443\u044b\u043d\u0448\u0430, \u0436\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0443\u043b\u0430\u0440 \u043c\u04b1\u0440\u0430\u0441\u044b\u043d \u0442\u0435\u043a \u0444\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043b\u043e\u0440\u0434\u044b\u04a3 \u0431\u0456\u0440 \u0431\u04e9\u043b\u0456\u0433\u0456 \u0440\u0435\u0442\u0456\u043d\u0434\u0435 \u0435\u043c\u0435\u0441, \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u0434\u044b\u049b \u043c\u04d9\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0442\u0442\u0456\u04a3 \u043a\u04e9\u0440\u0456\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0456 \u0440\u0435\u0442\u0456\u043d\u0434\u0435 \u049b\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0443 \u049b\u0430\u0436\u0435\u0442.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2013 \u041e\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0434\u044b\u04a3 \u0448\u044b\u0493\u0430\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0440\u044b\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u04d9\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0433\u0435, \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0493\u0430, \u0431\u0438\u043b\u0456\u043a \u043f\u0435\u043d \u0445\u0430\u043b\u044b\u049b \u0442\u0430\u0493\u0434\u044b\u0440\u044b\u043d\u0430 \u049b\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0441\u0442\u044b \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u04a3 \u0442\u04af\u0441\u0456\u043d\u0456\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u0431\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043d. \u041e\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0441\u044b\u0437 \u0410\u043b\u0442\u044b\u043d \u043e\u0440\u0434\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0442\u044b\u043d\u044b\u04a3 \u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0445\u044b\u043d \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044b\u049b \u0435\u043b\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0443 \u043c\u04af\u043c\u043a\u0456\u043d \u0435\u043c\u0435\u0441, \u2013 \u0434\u0435\u043f \u049b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044b \u043e\u043b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0416\u043e\u0448\u044b \u04b1\u043b\u044b\u0441\u044b\u043d \u0437\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0443 \u0493\u044b\u043b\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u044b\u043d\u044b\u04a3 \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b, \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u044f \u0493\u044b\u043b\u044b\u043c\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044b\u043d\u044b\u04a3 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b <strong>\u0416\u0430\u049b\u0441\u044b\u043b\u044b\u049b \u0421\u04d9\u0431\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0442\u044b\u04a3<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0431\u0430\u044f\u043d\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0441\u044b XIII\u2013XV \u0493\u0430\u0441\u044b\u0440\u043b\u0430\u0440 \u0442\u043e\u0493\u044b\u0441\u044b\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0493\u044b \u049a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u049b\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d \u0430\u0443\u043c\u0430\u0493\u044b\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0493\u044b \u0440\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438-\u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u044f\u043b\u044b\u049b \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0456\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435 \u0430\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0434\u044b. \u0411\u04b1\u043b \u04af\u0440\u0434\u0456\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u043a\u0435\u0439\u0456\u043d\u0433\u0456 \u0434\u04d9\u0443\u0456\u0440\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0433\u0456 \u0416\u043e\u0448\u044b \u04b1\u043b\u044b\u0441\u044b 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\u043e\u043d\u044b\u04a3 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u044f\u043b\u044b\u049b, \u043c\u04d9\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0436\u04d9\u043d\u0435 \u0431\u0456\u043b\u0456\u043c \u0431\u0435\u0440\u0443 \u0434\u04d9\u0441\u0442\u04af\u0440\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0456\u043d \u0437\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0443\u0433\u0435 \u0430\u0439\u0440\u044b\u049b\u0448\u0430 \u043a\u04e9\u04a3\u0456\u043b \u0431\u04e9\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0456\u0437. \u04e8\u0439\u0442\u043a\u0435\u043d\u0456 \u043e\u0441\u044b \u04af\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0456 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u04a3 \u0442\u04af\u0441\u0456\u043d\u0443 \u049b\u0430\u0437\u0456\u0440\u0433\u0456 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0493\u044b \u04b1\u043b\u0442\u0442\u044b\u049b \u0431\u043e\u043b\u043c\u044b\u0441\u044b\u043c\u044b\u0437 \u0431\u0435\u043d \u0440\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0442\u044b\u043c\u044b\u0437\u0434\u044b\u04a3 \u049b\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0430\u0440 \u043a\u04e9\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0456\u043d \u0430\u0439\u049b\u044b\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0443\u0493\u0430 \u043c\u04af\u043c\u043a\u0456\u043d\u0434\u0456\u043a \u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0456, \u2013 \u0434\u0435\u0434\u0456.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f \u049b\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u043d\u0434\u044b\u0441\u044b \u0431\u043e\u0439\u044b\u043d\u0448\u0430 \u049b\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0441\u0443\u0448\u044b\u043b\u0430\u0440 \u0422\u04af\u0440\u043a\u0438\u044f, \u049a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u049b\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d \u0436\u04d9\u043d\u0435 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0445\u0448\u044b\u043b\u0430\u0440\u044b \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0441\u044b\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0493\u044b \u0431\u0456\u0440\u043b\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0435\u043d \u0493\u044b\u043b\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0436\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0434\u044b \u0436\u0430\u043b\u0493\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0443 \u0436\u04e9\u043d\u0456\u043d\u0434\u0435 \u043a\u0435\u043b\u0456\u0441\u0456\u043c\u0433\u0435 \u043a\u0435\u043b\u0434\u0456. \u0421\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0439-\u0430\u049b, \u00abScience and Intellectual Life in the Ulus of Jochi\u00bb \u0430\u0442\u0442\u044b \u0493\u044b\u043b\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0435\u04a3\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u0436\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0493\u044b\u043d \u0434\u0430\u0439\u044b\u043d\u0434\u0430\u043f, \u043e\u043d\u044b \u041c\u0430\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0440\u0430 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0456\u043d\u0456\u04a3 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u044b\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u0436\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f\u043b\u0430\u0443 \u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044b \u0448\u0435\u0448\u0456\u043c \u049b\u0430\u0431\u044b\u043b\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0434\u044b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0416\u043e\u0448\u044b 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